Craterellus Cornucopioides: The Black Trumpet

There’s a mushroom that grows abundantly in Tuscan forests yet remains invisible to most foragers who walk right past it: Craterellus cornucopioides, known in Italy as Trombetta dei Morti, the Trumpet of the Dead.

Its season often runs into early December, and a dark gray to black trumpet is easy to miss in brown leaf litter.

The challenge isn’t that it’s rare: it’s that most people simply don’t see it.

Seasonality: Late Summer Through Autumn’s End

In Tuscany, Craterellus cornucopioides begins appearing in late August, but the prime season runs from September through November, often extending into early December if conditions remain mild and moist.

I’ve found the largest fruitings occur after significant autumn rains, particularly in October when the forest floor is damp and temperatures have cooled to between ten and fifteen degrees Celsius.

Unlike mushrooms that fruit in dramatic flushes after a single rain event, Black Trumpets tend to appear gradually and persist for weeks, making them more reliable than species like porcini that come and go quickly.

When other sought-after species have finished fruiting, Trombette dei Morti are often still emerging from the leaf litter.

Mycorrhizal Partnerships: The Oak and Beech Alliance

Craterellus cornucopioides is mycorrhizal, forming essential symbiotic relationships with specific broadleaf trees.

In Tuscany, I find them almost exclusively in association with oak, beech, and occasionally chestnut trees.

The relationship with oaks and chestnut is particularly strong: some of my most productive Black Trumpet locations are in mature oak and chestnut forests where the canopy is dense and the understory relatively open.

The mycorrhizal network connects the fungus to tree roots in that ancient exchange: the fungus extends the tree’s ability to absorb water and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, while the tree provides the fungus with sugars from photosynthesis.

This partnership is obligate: the Black Trumpet cannot grow without its tree hosts, and the trees, while not entirely dependent, benefit significantly from the relationship.

Soil and Habitat: Moisture, Moss, and Shadows

Craterellus cornucopioides shows distinct habitat preferences that, once you understand them, make finding productive patches much easier.

The mushroom favors moist, well-drained acidic to neutral soils, typically in areas where the leaf litter remains damp but not waterlogged.

Look for them in mature deciduous forests with established moss cover: the presence of thick moss mats is one of the most reliable indicators of good Black Trumpet habitat.

The rock underneath matters almost as much as the trees. Most of the productive ground I know sits on the Apennine sandstone we call macigno, which weathers into exactly the thin, cool, slightly acidic soil this species wants, and hazel or hornbeam in the understorey is a further good sign. The mycelium is long lived, so a patch that produced last autumn will usually produce again, while warm sandy ground on the sunny side of a hill gives up far less specimens, however good the oaks above it look.

I’ve noticed they particularly favor north-facing slopes and areas where the forest canopy creates consistent shade, maintaining the cool, humid conditions the species prefers.

In the Apuan Alps and Appennines, elevation matters: I find them most reliably between 400 and 1000 meters, though they occasionally appear lower in particularly favorable microclimates.

The substrate is crucial: Black Trumpets grow directly from leaf litter and humus, often partially buried, which contributes to their camouflage.

Recognition: The Art of Seeing Black on Brown

Here’s what makes Craterellus cornucopioides challenging for beginners: it’s a dark gray to black mushroom growing in dark brown leaf litter, often partially hidden.

The shape is distinctive once you know it: a hollow, trumpet or funnel shape, wider at the top and narrowing to a stem that’s often quite thin.

The mushroom is entirely hollow from top to bottom, like a vuvuzela or medieval trumpet, which is exactly how it earned its common names.

The cap edge is typically wavy or irregular, giving each specimen a unique, sculptural quality.

The outer surface, the fertile surface where spores are produced, is smooth to slightly wrinkled, never gilled, ranging from dark gray to deep charcoal black, occasionally with a slight brownish tint.

The inner surface is usually slightly lighter, more gray than black, and has a smooth, almost waxy texture.

Size varies considerably: specimens range from just a few centimeters to ten or even twelve centimeters tall in ideal conditions, though most I find are in the five to eight centimeter range.

They often grow in scattered groups or loose clusters, and once you find one, scanning the immediate area carefully usually reveals more: your eyes need to adjust to seeing them against the background.

A Photographer’s Subject: Texture and Form

From a photographic perspective, Craterellus cornucopioides offers unique challenges and rewards.

The dark color means you need to be thoughtful about exposure: it’s easy to lose all detail in the shadows if you’re not careful with lighting.

Macro photography shows incredible detail: the subtle wrinkles on the outer surface, the smooth interior, the delicate rim where the trumpet flares.

The sculptural quality of the mushroom makes it an excellent subject for artistic photography: these aren’t the bright, obvious subjects that photograph themselves; they require intention and craft to capture effectively.

Foraging Strategy: When and Where to Search

If you want to find Craterellus cornucopioides in Tuscany, here’s my recommended approach based on decades of observation.

Start searching in late September through October in mature oak or beech forests, particularly on north-facing slopes or in valleys where moisture accumulates.

Look for areas with substantial moss cover and thick leaf litter accumulation.

The day or two after significant rain is ideal: the mushrooms often push up through the leaf litter when moisture is abundant.

Move slowly and scan systematically rather than covering large areas quickly: Black Trumpets reward patient, careful observation more than energetic hiking.

When you find productive habitat, mark it mentally or with GPS coordinates, as they tend to return to the same locations year after year when conditions align.

I have patches I’ve visited for fifteen years that continue producing reliably each autumn.

Cut them or lift them whole, whichever you prefer: the fungus doesn’t mind. A long-term Swiss experiment tested both methods for decades and found no difference in later harvests, while trampling the ground around a patch does reduce the following year’s flush. Leave some specimens to complete their spore dispersal, and keep your feet off the productive ground.

The species isn’t threatened, but respecting productive patches ensures they continue fruiting for future seasons.

Safety Note: Distinctive and Recognizable

One advantage of Craterellus cornucopioides for foragers is the absence of dangerous look-alikes.

Taken together, the features are quite distinctive: hollow trumpet shape, completely smooth fertile surface (no gills or pores), dark coloration, and a specific habitat.

The closest relatives are other Craterellus species.

Craterellus lutescens (Yellowfoot) is smaller and yellow-orange in color.

Craterellus tubaeformis is brown to gray and similarly trumpet-shaped but with a different color palette.

None of the black, hollow, trumpet-shaped mushrooms in our region are toxic, which gives this species a significant safety advantage for identification.

That said, as with all foraging, you should be absolutely certain of your identification before consuming any wild mushroom.

If you’re new to Black Trumpets, bring specimens to a local mycological expert or ASL mycologist for confirmation.

Once you’ve learned them properly, they become one of the most reliable and rewarding species to forage in autumn’s late season, when many other mushrooms have finished fruiting and the forests seem to have gone quiet.

The Trombette dei Morti remind us that some of nature’s best gifts hide in plain sight, waiting for those patient enough to learn to see them.

Are you a beginner?

If you’re just beginning to explore mushroom foraging, Geoff Dann’s Edible Mushrooms is the field guide I recommend to all my clients. It’s an excellent starting point for learning safe identification. Read my full review here.

Want to learn in the field? Join me for a hands-on mushroom hunting experience ⬇️ ⬇️ ⬇️ ⬇️

Into the woods

Come mushroom hunting in the Tuscan Apennines

A private day in the woods between Pistoia and Florence: identification in the field, the habitats each species needs, and time to photograph what you find. September to November, when the ground is actually producing.

Book a foraging hike All hikes